Green synthesis is a preferred method for producing silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs). In addition to its advantages for industrial and biomedical applications, it also represents a promising research field. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on thyroid hormone levels and the expression of inflammatory factors while highlighting the therapeutic potential of curcumin-synthesized silver nanoparticles (CUR-Ag-NPs) in mitigating CPF-induced thyroid damage.

Six groups of rats were studied: control, CPF (5 mg/kg), CUR-AgNPs 40 μg/kg, CUR-AgNPs 80 μg/kg, CPF+ CUR-AgNPs 40, μg/kg, and CPF+ CUR-AgNPs 80 μg/kg. Treatments were administered daily for 30 days. At the end of the study, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg), and xylazine, (10 mg/kg). Blood was collected for serum analysis of thyroid hormone levels and thyroid gland tissue was preserved in RNAlater to the evaluation of inflammation markers.

CPF exposure increased the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). Co-administration of CUR-AgNPs significantly reduced the expression of these genes. CPF also disrupted thyroid hormone secretion, while CUR-AgNPs treatment in CPF-exposed rats nearly restored thyroid function.

These findings suggest that CUR-AgNPs can attenuate CPF-induced thyroid toxicity, offering potential therapeutic value.